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American Indian and Indigenous Peoples Historic Context Study - Public Review Draft

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Summary Full Document

Summary

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Introduction

Overview of the study and the Denver in Context Series, as well as definitions, background and methodology. 

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Chapter 1

Denver: Ancestral Unceded Territory

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Chapter 2

Urban Native Communities and Connections to Tribal Homelands

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Chapter 3

Denver as the Center of Indian Country: Past and Present

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Chapter 4

Honoring the Survivors and Victims of the Sand Creek Massacre 

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Chapter 5

Federal and Colorado Indian Policy and Intergenerational Trauma

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Chapter 6

Ongoing Fight for Rights and Respect

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Chapter 7

Indigenous Language Revitalization and Cultural Preservation

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Chapter 8

Indigenous Resilience and Cultural Resurgence 

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Community Recommendations

Summary of recommendations from the American Indian community   

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J. Cushing Nov 6 2025 at 12:11PM on page 99

Suggestion
Listing the names of the murdered Elders immediately after the harrowing account of the mother and child tends to lessen the impact of the first account. I would move the list of Elders to a point AFTER the paragraphs about children.

J. Cushing Nov 5 2025 at 11:46AM on page 91

Question
ON the Plains?

J. Cushing Nov 5 2025 at 11:41AM on page 90

Question
Traditionally, we’d see the word PIONEER, used here, but there does seem to be a difference in connotation between that, and COLONIST.

Joe C. Nov 4 2025 at 8:31AM on page 90

Suggestion
… which IS still …

Joe C. Nov 4 2025 at 8:22AM on page 86

Question
Should this be “by” White settlers?

Aaron Conley Oct 31 2025 at 11:36AM on page 37

Question
Does this estimate require any nuance? According to Rick Williams via email to me, There may be around 100k enrolled in Federally recognized Nations, or inflated to up to 200k based on expanding terminology (indigenous vs. american indian/native american + first peoples).

Aaron Conley Oct 31 2025 at 11:03AM on page 231

Suggestion
An intro to this section could highlight our opportunity to return to the first hill or White section of the wheel, but doing so in a way that disrupts the historical patterns of colonialism. The intro could also challenge us to make-good on the 5th stage of the "Spectrum of community partnership" resource I shared at the top of this document. The 5th stage is a deferring to community ownership where "we are building community ownership to ensure communities have a direct say over what is needed to survive and thrive" (p. 7).
in reply to Aaron Conley's comment

Aaron Conley Oct 31 2025 at 10:53AM on page 215

Suggestion
Ha. Sorry. I just missed the subhead several pages below. Please dismiss this original comment

Aaron Conley Oct 31 2025 at 10:52AM on page 215

Suggestion
This chapter does not have a "4th hill" labeled section.

Aaron Conley Oct 31 2025 at 10:30AM on page 206

Question
Is it appropriate to mention tensions and emerging constraints of technologies as well? For instance, archiving this project has raised numerous cautions about continued extraction, information ownership, etc.

Aaron Conley Oct 31 2025 at 9:25AM on page 182

Suggestion
"supporters" were comprised primarily of their parents and relatives who had peacefully gathered to demand answers from West HS administrators. Tear gas was thrown from helicopters over the gathered crowd.

Aaron Conley Oct 31 2025 at 8:28AM on page 162

Question
Do we need a note about the problematic tensions imposed by needing Native people to work in and for the very colonial systems that are roots of the problems?

J Cushing Oct 30 2025 at 12:32PM on page 28

Lovely framework in sense that history builds upon itself in the same way that geography is layered.

J Cushing Oct 30 2025 at 12:26PM on page 18

Suggestion
1851 - Horse Creek Treaty
1868 - Fort Laramie Treaty

J Cushing Oct 30 2025 at 11:49AM on page 12

Question
It is my understanding that the term “ Native American” was developed in 1971 by the United States Census Bureau, and NOT as the result of social activism.

Aaron Conley Oct 29 2025 at 2:43PM on page 134

Suggestion
awkward phrase ("This chapter describes") since we are already well underway in the chapter.

Aaron Conley Oct 29 2025 at 2:18PM on page 131

Question
is it worth noting that boarding schools was a colonial tactic inflicted on other indigenous peoples in other parts of the globe?

Aaron Conley Oct 28 2025 at 4:49PM on page 113

Question
If Brown was Native, do we want a parenthetical reference to his tribe both here and earlier in this chapter where his name first appears?

Aaron Conley Oct 28 2025 at 4:01PM on page 95

Suggestion
"Dorris (Dee) Brown"

Aaron Conley Oct 28 2025 at 3:19PM on page 75

Suggestion
how about returning to a mention of the 4th hill in this paragraph to remind the reader of the uniting significance of these organizations?

Aaron Conley Oct 28 2025 at 10:24AM on page 63

Question
sometimes "white" is capitalized and sometimes it isn't in this same paragraph.

Aaron Conley Oct 28 2025 at 9:47AM on page 52

Question
do we need a note in the intro section to explain person-naming conventions used in this document?

Aaron Conley Oct 28 2025 at 9:04AM on page 42

Question
was 'imaginary boundaries' an earlier practice of late feudalism and common within euro-colonialism, and thus predates the specific time frame of "manifest destiny' or westward expansion?

Aaron Conley Oct 28 2025 at 8:30AM on page 38

Question
sense? spelling?

Aaron Conley Oct 27 2025 at 5:02PM on page 36

Question
up to now, the other block quotes were introduced or concluded with the speaker's name and Nation, for context. This one doesn't seem to have that

Aaron Conley Oct 27 2025 at 3:23PM on page 20

Suggestion
Not sure if this framework helps, but we've more or less followed the developmental stages of "The Spectrum of Community Engagement to Ownership" model. Each subsection here advances City/Tribal ties by moving away from "ignoring/marginalization, informing/placation, and consulting/tokenizing." Under the direction of the advisory committee, leaders and elders, we've engaged the process through "involvement/voice and power shifting, collaboration/delegated power sharing, and finally to Deferring to/community ownership." (link)

Aaron Conley Oct 27 2025 at 3:14PM on page 20

Suggestion
"through intentional and equitable processes."

Jacqui 1 Oct 15 2025 at 1:01PM on page 173

Buffalo Bill did not "host" shows in Denver in 1914 or 1915. As the pdf says "He traveled with. . ." link Cody's show was seized by the sheriff in 1913 and he was essentially forced to perform with the Sells Floto Circus owned by Harry Tammen, who also owned the Denver Post.

Jacqui Ainlay-Conley Oct 9 2025 at 5:28PM on page 189

The Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave is not on the National Register of Historic Places. Lookout Mountain Park is on the NR. The stone picnic shelter, restroom, and two fireplaces are contributing resources as is the Pahaska Tepee, which originally housed the museum. The current museum and William "Buffalo Bill" Cody's grave are listed as noncontributing. See link
in reply to Aaron Conley's comment

Aaron Conley Oct 9 2025 at 4:42PM on page 3

Or rather, the organization of pagination in this online doc is rather confusing given the "page" breaks

Aaron Conley Oct 9 2025 at 4:40PM on page 3

Suggestion
Table of contents begins on p 3
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